The Formula for Expected Value

One natural question to ask about a probability distribution is, What is its center? The expected value is one such measurement of the center of a probability distribution. Since it measures the mean, it should come as no surprise that this formula is derived from that of the mean. To establish a starting point, we must answer the question, What is the expected value? Suppose that we have a random variable associated with a probability experiment. Lets say that we repeat this experiment over and over again. Over the long run of several repetitions of the same probability experiment, if we averaged out all of our values of the random variable, we would obtain the expected value.   In what follows we will see how to use the formula for expected value. We will look at both the ​discrete and continuous  settings and see the similarities and differences in the formulas.​ The Formula for a Discrete Random Variable We start by analyzing the discrete case. Given a discrete random variable X, suppose that it has values x1, x2, x3, . . . xn, and respective probabilities of p1, p2, p3, . . . pn. This is saying that the probability mass function for this random variable gives f(xi)   pi.   The expected value of X is given by the formula: E(X) x1p1 x2p2 x3p3 . . . xnpn. Using the probability mass function and summation notation allows us to more compactly write this formula as follows, where the summation is taken over the index i: E(X)   ÃŽ £ xif(xi). This version of the formula is helpful to see because it also works when we have an infinite sample space. This formula can also easily be adjusted for the continuous case. An Example Flip a coin three times and let X be the number of heads. The random variable X  is discrete and finite.  The only possible values that we can have are 0, 1, 2 and 3. This has probability distribution of 1/8 for X 0, 3/8 for X 1, 3/8 for X 2, 1/8 for X 3. Use the expected value formula to obtain: (1/8)0 (3/8)1 (3/8)2 (1/8)3 12/8 1.5 In this example, we see that, in the long run, we will average a total of 1.5 heads from this experiment.  This makes sense with our intuition as one-half of 3 is 1.5. The Formula for a Continuous Random Variable We now turn to a continuous random variable, which we will denote by X.  We will let the probability density function of  X  be given by the function f(x).   The expected value of X is given by the formula: E(X)   Ã¢Ë† « x f(x) dx. Here we see that the expected value of our random variable is expressed as an integral.   Applications of Expected Value There are many applications for the expected value of a random variable. This formula makes an interesting appearance in the St. Petersburg Paradox.

The Ethics Of Business Ethics - 757 Words

When deciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor business ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandals, and environmental issues. Business ethics does not provide a list of correct ethical business decisions; rather, it reflects a standard of business to improve decisions. Often times unethical situations will result from choosing the first option without further review or the option that enhances a business in the short run (Kubasek et al. 20). In order to avoid costly, unethical decisions, businesses strive to follow guidelines called the WPH process of ethical decisions making. This is a set of criteria that managerial decisions must meet: decisions affect stakeholder, decisions are made for a particular purpose, and decisions must provide achievable guidelines about how to make ethical decisions (Kubasek et al. 22). Who the decision affects, the purpose of the decisions, and how to make ethical decisions are the guidelines for maintaining an ethical business environment. Businesses have full intentions to follow these guidelines for maintaining an ethicalShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. 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According to Chris MacDonald (2010)† Ethics† can be defined as the critical, structured examinations of how we should behave - in particular, how we should constrain the pursuit of self-interest when our actions affect others. â€Å"Business ethics is the applied ethics discipline that address the moral features of commercial activity (Business ethics, 2008).Working in ethical way in business has a lot of benefits which can attractRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1471 Words   |  6 PagesReview Nowadays, the concern for business ethics is growing rapidly in the business community around the world. Business ethics are focused on the judgment of decisions taken by managers and their behaviors. The issue regarding these judgments is the norms and cultures that shape these judgments. Business ethics are concerned about the issue, how will the issue be solved and how will it move ahead along the transition analysis as well (Carroll, 2014). Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines moral problems and ethical principles that come up in a corporate environment. It is applied to every aspect of conducting business. According to Milton Friedman, a company has the responsibility to generate as much revenue as it can while still conforming to the basic rules that society has set. These rules include the ones embodied in customs as well as in law. Similarly, Peter Drucker stated thatRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger hu man context. Thirdly, being unethical can tarnish the publicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Ethics1431 Words   |  6 Pages BUSINESS ETHICS INTRODUCTION:- Presentation Ethics are exceptionally regular and essential good esteem that helps us to take the right choice where we think that it hard to pick between our own advantages and the correct thing to do. We are going to talk about three sections of morals Behavioral morals, Bounded ethicality and last one is irreconcilable situation. As from the names of these parts of morals, its verging on clarifying the significance of it. It clarifies why great individualsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1349 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics can be defined as the critical examination of how people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. There are many subcategories that we may look into when speaking of business ethics, in this essay I will be writing about advertising ethics. Advertising is practically unavoidable in today s world, we see it in the streets, shops, magazines, television, on the internet, hear it on the radio. In this essay I will describe two ethical iss ues in advertising, show why business

Leadership Tips from Apple CEO Steve Jobs - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Tips from Apple CEO Steve Jobs. Answer: About Steve Jobs Steven Paul Jobs was Co-Founder, CEO and Chairman of Apple Inc. He was born on 24th February 1955 in San Francisco. He co-founded Apple computers in 1976 with Steve Woznaik. Jobs enrolled in Reed College after school but dropped out after 6 months. In 1976 when job was 21 years old Apple computers was started in a Garage. Steve Jobs and Steve Woznaik together revolutionized the computer industry by innovating gadgets like iPod, iPad and iPhone, which became part of everyday life of people. He died on 5th October 2011 in Palo Alto due to pancreatic Cancer(Biography.com, 2017). His Strengths Steve Jobs was an amazing salesperson and had the talent of anticipating what consumer wants. He would then develop and design such a product and market it in such a way that both existing and new customers would feel the need of buying Apples products. He had the ability to develop great teams and he also ensured his team performed beyond their limits to accomplish high standards of software and hardware. It was his vision to design technology which can be used by those who themselves are not technologists and using his salesmanship he convinced people to believe in his vision. He had very strong imagination. He envisioned products like iPod, iPad and iPhone which eventually changed the way people communicate work and live their lives. He had the ability to design and develop technology products which changed the world. He aimed at developing innovative and interactive designs and insisted that these designs be absolutely perfect. This gave Apple competitive edge and contributed in developing Apples brand(Himmel, 2013). His Weaknesses Task Oriented. Jobs was very task oriented. Organizations performance was given more importance than employees feelings. His drive for excellence was so high that he did not hesitated in delivering blunt criticisms to his employees. Steve Jobs was too proud to accept criticism and underestimated Apples competitors like IBM. Due to his inability to accept criticism he would turn a discussion in confrontation, this in turn discouraged others to voice their opinion. But when he came back to Apple in 1985, he had made efforts to work on this weakness and developed the ability to consider the ideas of others and reshape his goals in case of any complications. Steve Jobs stole ideas of others and also accepted it openly. In 1979 Jobs visited Xerox where he saw a prototype of a Mouse. He was amazed with the idea of a device which could move the pointer on screen to select menus. He asked his team to develop a device which is sturdier and costs less. He also developed Mac computers with inspiration from GUI he saw at Xerox(May, 2016). Challenges Faced by Steve Jobs After finishing his high school he enrolled in Reed College, Portland. But he dropped out after six months and took calligraphy classes because he thought his education was too expensive for his middle class parents(Linn, 2011). In 1984 Steve Jobs introduced Macintosh as a home computer but it was too expensive for the target audiences. So, Jobs tried to target it to corporate clients with features like less memory and no networking capabilities Mac was not accepted by the American corporate. As a result of this, Jobs was ousted from board of directors by CEO John Sculley, whom Jobs only had hired. By 1985, Steve Jobs sold his share of Apple stocks and resigned. Product Failures: In 1985 Apple discontinued Lisa Computer due to poor sells and faced failure of its Macintosh PC. As a result, Jobs was ousted from his position as head of Macintosh Division. Jobs found Next computers after leaving Apple in 1985 but Next also flopped and Apple acquired its software division in 1997. Powermac G4 Cube introduced in July 2000 was an highly appreciated innovation from apple but it failed because it could not find market with a price tag of $1600. In 2004, Steve Jobs announced about his illness through an email. At the launch event of iPhone his appearance had diminished notably. In 2009 Jobs took a medical leave of about six months. He underwent a liver transplant. All this time he continued to be CEO of Apple Inc. but in August 2011 he stepped down at CEO as he felt he could no longer carry on his duties. In October the same year he passed away at an age of 56. Leadership Lessons from Steve Jobs Innovation is the Key: Jobs believed in developing innovative and interactive devices to be used by everyone, especially those who are not Technologists themselves. He always looked for opportunities to develop devices which are ahead of its time. People used to burn CDs on their personal computers to save on-line content. Jobs realized that Mac did not record CDs. So, instead of adding the plain feature to enable CD writing in Mac, he developed iTunes software and revolutionized the online music market. Nothing is Impossible: During the trial run of iPhone it was noticed that the plastic screen gets scratched easily. So, it was decided that the plastic screen will be replaced with Gorilla glass developed by Corning. Gorilla glass is scratch resistant glass developed through a chemical process. Cornings CEO Wendell Weeks was asked to deliver a shipment of gorilla glass in 6 months. Weeks told Jobs that it was impossible as they have stopped manufacturing gorilla glass and now manufacture LCD displays. Jobs insisted on Weeks to manufacture and deliver gorilla glass in 6 months. Weeks called a meeting of Managers at Kentucky facility of Cornings and converted the LCD displays to Gorilla Glass and delivered it in 6 months. Hire Smart people: Steve Jobs hiring principle was very simple Hire Smart people and let them tell you what to do. He believed in hiring smart people who know their work well. Succession Planning: Tim Cook current CEO of Apple joined the company in 1998 and was groomed by Jobs in preparation to lead(Kalla, 2012). Conclusion In this report, strengths, weakness and challenges faced by jobs were discussed. Finally, the lessons todays leaders can learn from Jobs leadership style are enumerated. Steve Jobs was a Charismatic personality and with his able leadership took Apple from bankruptcy to heights of success, twice. Bibliography Biography.com, 2017. Steve Jobs. [Online] Available at: https://www.biography.com/people/steve-jobs-9354805 [Accessed 10 January 2018]. Himmel, R., 2013. What Personality Traits Made Steve Jobs Successful? [Online] Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/answer/226410 [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Kalla, S., 2012. 10 Leadership Tips from Steve Jobs. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/susankalla/2012/04/02/10-leadership-tips-from-steve-jobs/#599a6ce4667f [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Linn, A., 2011. What Steve Jobs Taught us: Its OK to Fail. [Online] Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/44278117/ns/business-us_business/t/what-steve-jobs-taught-us-its-ok-fail/#.WlcKYa6WbIU [Accessed 11 January 2018]. May, M.E., 2016. Why Coming Up With Original Ideas Is Actually Easier for Your Brain. [Online] Available at: https://www.inc.com/matthew-e-may/why-steve-jobs-was-so-proud-to-steal.html [Accessed 11 January 2018].

Introduction to Management for Clean Room- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Management for Clean Room Technology. Answer: Introduction The study at hand carries out analysis of an interview with a senior manager operating in a business concern in Australia. The interview is conducted to understand managerial roles in the place of work. In order to understand this, the question put forward was " what necessarily the uniquely crucial roles of a manager? When enquired about the essential managerial roles, the manager described the fundamental things that they need to do as a manager. From the responses received from the manager, it is evident that the role the manager is basically overlapping in nature and blends into one another that intern affects overall performance of others. Senior level Manager added that he is responsible to deal with planning that is the fundamental function of Management. For accomplishing this, the senior level manager chalks out a future course of action and decides the most suitable course of action attainment of predetermined organisational goals (Campbell Evans, 2016). Critical analysis of the responses also reveals that the individual under consideration also carries out the task of organising net physical financial as well as human resources are brought together for achieving goals. Moreover, whenasked about crucial role that the manager plays, stress was laid on function of staffing. This function i nvolves planning of manpower, recruitment selection as well as placement, taking training and development, determining remuneration and appraisal of performance (Campbell Evans, 2016). According to the manager, directing is also an essential managerial function carried out. There are different methods of organisation to work effectively for attainment of the purposes of the organisation. As per the viewpoint of the manager this managerial role of directing involves supervising, motivating, leading and communicating. The feedback received from the manager divulges that for the purpose of supervising it is important to oversee subordinate's work thoroughly on a regular basis. It is also important to inspire stimulate and encourage the subordinates with enthusiasm to work for motivating them. In this case leadership is the process that the manager follows hiding and influencing the functionalities of subordinates in a specific desired direction (Malmendier Tate, 2015). On enquiring, the manager also added that it is crucial to carry out function of controlling. This implies enumeration of accomplishments subordinates against the set standards as well as correction of digression. As suggested by the response, for the purpose of controlling, the selected manager undertakes the actions of establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance with the set standards for understanding the deviation and carrying out corrective actions. Challenges In order to understand major challenges encountered, the question framed was "what are the major challenges to being an effective manager? When enquired about major challenges encountered, the manager responded that crucial to stay ahead of rivals. For this, it is important to acquire competitive advantage that refers to the capability of a business concern tomanufacture goods/services more efficiently than rivals do.According to the response of the manager, it is a challenge to outperform rivals by nurturing customers, innovating and ensuring high quality. As per viewpoint put forward by theselected manager, it is a big challenge to manage diversity in the place of work. Yet another challenge that is faced as a manager is dealing for globalisation (Malmendier Tate, 2015). Therefore it is very difficult to handle differences in culture as all customs are not alike. When enquired about the challenges, the selected manager replied that it is also very intricate to manage technology in the workplace. Basically internet has transformed businesses and functions of business such as purchasing, selling and communicating with people digitally (Baba Abugre, 2014). Also, according to the manager, it is intricate to manage ethical standards that refer to behaviour of a person or group of persons. The manager also presents the instance of Ponzi scheme that was necessarily a billion dollar lie. The manager further added that it is also very challenging sustainability of business. Here, difficulties are faced in carrying out sustainable operations that refer to economic development that satisfies the requirements of the present time without even compromising the potential of future generations to satisfy their needs (Malmendier Tate, 2015). According to the viewpoints put forward by the manager, it is also very challenging to manage own happiness. Overcoming the challenges For comprehending the processes adopted by the manager to overcome the identified challenges a question was framed that read What according to you are the ways of overcoming the challenges of a manager? As per the view points of the manager, solutions can be found out by proper analysis of challenges faced. Manager is of the view that it is possible to outperform the rivals by aligning own goals with the goals of the organisation, in case if the organisational goal is more aggressive then more amount of effort is required to stretch the goal. Thereafter they manage diversity by treating every employee with equal respect creating an environment that is suitable for work and well being of the employees (Bento Esteves, 2016). Globalisation is also managed by boosting the practice of interchange of ideas as well as enthusiasm that in turn can make the organisation a good place to work for (Campbell Evans, 2016). Challenges faced by managers in handling advanced technologies can be averted by undertaking training programs (Wood et al., 2016). Thereafter, it is equally important as a manager to abide by the ethical code of conduct for maintaining work ethics. Conclusion It helps in understanding essential roles of a senior manager writing in a business concern. Responses received to the question framed inquiring about unique roles of a manager help in understanding the fundamental roles played by a senior manager. The feedback helps in understanding the primary actions undertaken for fourprinciple roles counting planning,organising, directing and controlling. Additionally, analysis of the interview helps in understanding fundamental things managers need to do to make employees working more productive in the organization. Moving further, the study helps in understanding the challenges faced by managers and ways devised for overcoming the identified challenges. References Baba Abugre, J. (2014). Managerial role in organizational CSR: Empirical lessons from Ghana.Corporate Governance,14(1), 104-119. Bento, F. C., Esteves, S. C. (2016). Role of quality manager in clean room assisted reproductive units and policies for efficient running.Clean Room Technology in ART Clinics: A Practical Guide, 323. Campbell, P., Evans, P. (2016). Reciprocal benefits, legacy and risk: Applying Ellinger and Bostroms model of line manager role identity as facilitators of learning.European Journal of Training and Development,40(2), 74-89. Malmendier, U., Tate, G. (2015). Behavioral CEOs: The role of managerial overconfidence.Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(4), 37-60. Wood, A., Hocking, J., Temple-Smith, M. (2016). The practice manager role and relevance to general practice-based research: a review of the literature.Australian journal of primary health,22(2), 86-92.

Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas Was Born On July 19, 1834, At 8 Rue Saint

Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas was born on July 19, 1834, at 8 rue Saint-George's in Paris. His father, Auguste, a banker, was French, and his mother, C?lestine, an American from New Orleans. The family name "Degas" had been changed to "De Gas" by some family members in Naples and France in order to sound more aristocratic; the preposition indicated a name derived from land holdings. Degas went back to using the original spelling sometime after 1870, and that is how we spell his name today. He was destined for a law career, but instead entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, where he studies with Louis Lamothe. There he became a painter and sculptor. Degas was associated with the Impressionists, taking an active part in there firsts exhibitions, but his individual choice of subject matter, handling of composition, and emphasis of drawing distinguished his works from theirs. He worked with a number of media: oil, pastel, lithography, engraving, and sculpture. From the mid-1850s through the mid-1870s Degas explored many types of subject matter. He copied works by earlier artists and executed his own history paintings, portraits, and scenes of daily life. Degas eventually ended his efforts at history painting and devoted more attention to portraiture, turning images of relatives and friends into complex psychological studies. His oils and pastels depict the inhabitants of the world of sports, business, ballet, and the cafes in their self-conscious posturing and characteristic gestures. He has numerous paintings of jockeys, dancers, laundresses and prostitutes. Another favorite subject was a model at her bath. Degas' observation of movement resulted in the radical compositions that preserved the character of his subjects. As Degas' subject matter became more contemporary, so did his artistic style. Early on, Degas presents people as individuals, whereas works from the mid-1870s on categorize women in particular according to their professions. The laundresses, milliners, and dancers represent types rather than specific individuals. Degas' handling of paint and use of color also become bolder and more experimental. Degas' collection of repeated poses and postures speaks to his preoccupation with texture, color, and form. In the later years of his life, despite failing eyesight, he continues to paint his women models in varied, unarranged poses. Soon after he began to let him self go. He stopped caring for his dress or trimming his beard. He had chronic bronchitis and bladder problems. Degas continued to work as long as he was in the house of Rue Victor-Masse. During the last years of his life, he was seen walking through the streets of Paris, ignoring the traffic. Edgar died on September 27, 1917. He is well represented in the Louvre in Paris. Some paintings displayed there include The glass of Absinthe, Laundresses, and Prima Ballerina. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New In the Metropolitan Museum of Art. in New York, Pouting, and Women with Chrysanthemums are on display for all to see. Degas is commonly regarded as on of the greatest masters of 19th century French art

History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967

History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967 Introduction The state of Australia before the referendum in 1967 was one related to a racist nation. During the year 1900, the British colonialists invaded Australia. To them, the nation was not habited and the aborigines, who lived in Australia, were part of the environment. The constitution that was drafted by the colonialists depicted high levels of inequalities (Crotty Roberts, 2009). The rights of the white settlers were highly upheld while those of the aborigines were diminishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion During the 1967 referendum, various parts of the Australian constitution were questioned and changed. The first part was the one that stated who the commonwealth laws should govern (Attwood Markus, 2007). The constitution stated that commonwealth laws were only made for the whites and not the aborigines. It, therefore, implied that the aborigines had no constitutional rights under the commonwealth laws. The other section was the part that stated who should be counted during the national census. According to the 1900 constitution, the aborigines were not counted. The section was altered to give the aboriginal community an opportunity to be counted as part of the Australian citizens. So many people fought for a change in the Australian constitution. This act took them more than 10 years. The year 1967 was a major turning point in Australia as most of the people came out to vote for the alteration of the constitution. More than 90 percent of the populace voted in favour of the changes. The referendum was a breakthrough for the aboriginal people, who were counted later as part of the Australian citizens during the country’s population census. In addition, the aborigines came under the commonwealth statutes as opposed to the state regulations. The new constitution therefore was pa ssed on August 1967. The outcome of the referendum was of great benefit to the aborigines. First, it assisted in the removal of the initial rules of the aborigine act of 1905 that gave chief guardian of aborigines power over all aborigines up to the age of 16. The power of this guardian was much higher than that of a parent to her own child. The guardian could take children away from their families as he wish. These children were taken to the home of the white settlers or to some separate hostels. The parents were not informed on the whereabouts of their children, who, sometimes, were being subjected to torture. This act created some form of trauma for both parents and children as it at times involved some brutality. After the referendum, this role was scrubbed and it was a relief to the aborigines. The chief guardian also had control of the adult populace of aborigines. They were to seek permission for marriage; they did not have freedom of movement or right to own property. The ch anges of 1967 assured them these rights (Mason, Hill Davis, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new constitution also granted the aboriginal people the right to be Australian citizens. This right will ensure that they are not controlled by the aborigine’s act of 1905. The breakthrough of 1967 gave them this chance. The 1905 aborigines act allowed the aboriginal people to apply to be citizens of Australia so that they cannot be controlled by the act. The situation of the aboriginal people was to be improved through giving the people access to education, equal employment opportunities and contribute to the economy (Goot Rowse, 2007). They were to face a panel, which will assess their qualification for citizenship. Once it is granted, the chief protector had the ability to snatch it when he feels like. The changes in the constitution than more than 90 pe rcent of the population voted for showed that Australian people were tired of the existing racial discrimination. The event was worth celebrating, as it is a show of social equality, power lying on the people and a choice against discrimination (Attwood, Markus Schilling, 1997). This occurrence did not do away with the nature of ruling that existed in Australia. The government of Australia in most times forgot to seek advice from the aborigines on the ruling of the country. Now, the aboriginal populace still have a shorter life expectancy as compared to their non-indigenous counterparts. According to statistics, it is evident that the challenges of poor health, housing, education and high rates of unemployment are the main challenges facing the aborigines (Crotty Roberts, 2008). Despite the fact that the 1967 referendum was a breakthrough for the aborigines, there are times when it is clear that Australian community is fighting the battle of addressing fully the needs of the abori gines. The only impeccable period that showed that the Australians were concerned with the interests of the aborigines was during the referendum. There has been a moment of silence since the change of the Australian constitution. The forms of inequalities carried out by the constitution in silence have made the Australian people to look back to the evils that existed before the 1967 referendum. Conclusion The 1967 referendum did not bring about the end to racial discrimination that was in existence in Australia. It led to an improvement in the relationship between the aborigines and the entire Australian nation. The legacy that arose from the referendum is to some extent the most enduring (Tungate, 2007). The relationship that developed between the state and federal government became that of putting blame on one another. References Attwood, B., Markus, A., Schilling, K. (1997). The 1967 referendum, or,  When Aborigines didnt get the vote. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Australian Referendum during the 1967 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Attwood, B., Markus, A. (2007). The 1967 referendum: race, power and the Australian  Constitution (2nd ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Crotty, M., Roberts, D. (2008). Turning Points in Australian History. Sydney: University of NSW Press. Crotty, M., Roberts, D. (2009). Turning points in Australian history. Sydney, N.S.W.: UNSW Press. Goot, M., Rowse, T. (2007). Divided Nation ?: Indigenous affairs and the imagined  public. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. Mason, K., Hill, K., Davis, R. (2007). Celebrating Aboriginal rights?: 16  July 7 September 2007, Tony Albert [et al.]. North Ryde: Macquarie University. Tungate, M. (2007). Adland: a global history of advertising. London: Kogan Page.

TQM in Hospitals and Healthcare organizations Essay

TQM in Hospitals and Healthcare organizations - Essay Example very critical to the quality of health care, public expectations have also been one of the main reasons in increasing health care quality .There are diverse strategies and multiple approaches to improve the safety and the quality of services. (John, 2003) Health Care Industries require optimal quality levels as it provides vital services and is usually measured with various indicators such as mortality rates, rate of medical errors, avoidable injuries to patients etc. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009) There has been a momentous interest in the application of Total quality management and Continuous quality improvement (TQM and CQI) in many of the Health Care Organizations in the recent past. (Colleen, 2003) Implementations of TQM have been in high demand in many organizations and have also been made compulsory in others to face both internal and external challenges. TQM implementation will also help the public and private health Organizations to achieve good quality health services and also compete globally. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009) Quality Management is very essential in all companies especially in the health care industry due to the type and nature of service rendered. Quality in this sector consists of customer quality of life, services rendered and patient satisfaction. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009)There are 3 TQM principles identified by Hill and Wilkinson (1995) which are, Total quality management is viewed as the best way to implement rapid improvement in the process. TQM has become critical and mandatory as there is high level of competition between health sector organizations and increase in demand for high quality services. It helps in providing customer satisfaction and also achieving the desired outcomes for these hospitals. Implementation of TQM involves all the levels of management. It involves all the staff, employees, doctors and nurses in the health care organization and it covers all the activities. Top level involvement and continuous